句子定语从句
在学习、工作或生活中,大家总少不了接触一些耳熟能详的句子吧,从句法角度说,句子是使最大的语法单位。你所见过的句子是什么样的呢?下面是小编为大家整理的句子定语从句,希望对大家有所帮助。
定语从句
定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:who,whom,whose,that,which等。
关系副词有:when,where,why等。
关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1)who,whom,that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
2)Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同of which互换),例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose(of which)cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。
句子合并定语从句:
1.He has two sons.They both joined the army three years ago
2.He visited the Summer Palace this summer.He went there four years ago
3.He lied to his mother.It made her very angry
4.I have many books.Some of the books are about English
5.He met Liu Xiang in the street the other day.It made overjoyed
定语从句解题方法
一、选准关系代词和关系副词
在定语从句中,关系代词或关系副词都代替先行词在从句中充当一定的成分,如果该从句中缺少主语、表语、宾语或定语,就要用关系代词来连接从句;如果从句中缺少状语,就得用关系副词来连接从句。例如:
(1)I still remember the days which /that we spent together.
(2)I still remember the days when we worked together.
二、了解仅用that引导限制性定语从句的几种情况
that 在限制性定语从句中既可指人又可指事或物。在下列情况下,只能用that来引导定语从句:
1.先行词是all,much,few,little,everything,anything,nothing等不定代词时。例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy?
2.先行词被all,few,little,much,every,some,no等词修饰或被the only,the very,the same,the last等限定词修饰时。例如:
These are all the pictures that I have seen.
This is the very dictionary that is of great help.
3.先行词既指人又指物时。例如:
My father and his teacher talked a lot about the things and the persons that they could remember.
4.关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。例如:
Our school is not the one that it used to be.
5.先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。例如:
This is the best English film that I have ever seen.
The first English novel that I read was A Tale of Two Cities.
6.主句是who 或which 引导的特殊问句时。例如:
Who is the girl that is standing under the tree?
Which is the machine that we used last Sunday?
三、把握“介词+关系代词”结构中介词的选用
介词的选择与主句中先行词的搭配密切相关。例如:
That's the reason for which he was late for school.
This is the book on which I spent 8 yuan.
注意:
1.定语从句中谓语动词是含有介词的动词短语时,介词应放在动词之后,不能拆开放在关系代词前。例如:
This is the key which you are looking for.
This is the baby whom you will look after.
2.该结构中,关系代词指人时用whom,指物时用which.
四、弄清as 和which 引导的非限制性定语从句指代整体时的区别
1、位置上的区别:
as 引导的非限制性定语从句的位置比较灵活,可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句后,还可插在主句的中间;而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如:
As is known to us all,the earth turns around the sun.
The earth,as is known to us all,turns around the sun.
The earth turns around the sun,as is known to us all.
The earth turns around the sun,which our parents once told us when we were very young.
2、词义与联系上的区别:
as 引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间有着较为密切的上下文联系,as本身含有“正如”之意;而which 引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间在逻辑意义上近似并列句,which 本身表示“这”或“这一点”之意。例如:
Light travels faster than sound,as we all know.
Jack came late for school,which made his teacher angry.
五、注意定语从句的主谓一致性
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语必须与先行词保持人称和数的一致。例如:
Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA.
Tom is the only one of the boys who is from the USA.
六、保持主句的完整性并避免从句成分的重叠
1.在定语从句中,不管出现任何情况,主句的结构必须完整,即主句必须有主语和谓语,缺一不可,否则,整个主从复合句就无法成立。试比较:
(1)Is this factory_______we visited last week?
(2)Is this the factory_______we visited last week?
A.which B.where C.what D.the one
分析:
第一题缺少表语,只有填D项才能保持主句的完整性,而其他的选项均为干扰项。
第二题主句本身完整,应填的关系代词在从句中作visited的宾语,故应选A项。
2.从定语从句中,关系代词或关系副词已经代替先行词独立地或与相应的介词一起在定语从句中充当了一定的成分,因此在定语从句中就不能再出现与关系代(副)词重叠的成分。例如:
错句:Is this the train that they took it last Sunday?
分析:该题中that已经代替先行词the train在定语从句中充当及物动词took的宾语,故重叠出现的宾语it必须删去。
总之,突破了以上六道难关,定语从句中的难题便会迎刃而解。
定语从句的种类
主语从句用作主语,如:
That the earth is round is true.地球为圆的是真实的.
宾语从句用作宾语.如:
Do you know where he lives?
表语从句用作表语,如:
My opinion is that you should not go alone.我的意见是你不应单独前往.
同位语从句用于解释说明前面的名词.如:
The fact that the earth is round is true.地球是圆的的事实是真实的.(that从句用于解释说明the fact)
定语从句相当于一个形容词,用于修饰前面的名词.如:
The student who answered the question was John.回答问题的学生是John.
状语从句相当于一个副词,如:
When it rains,I usually go to school by bus.天下雨时,我通常坐公共汽车上学.(时间状语)
If he comes tomorrow,you will see him.如果他明天来,你就可以看见他.(if引导的条件状语从句,其结构为:if +状语从句,+主句).要注意在状语从句中有一个规则是“主将从现”,即主句是将来时,则从句要用一般现在时表示将来.
主句和从句的划分方法是相同的.句子的成分从谓语动词处来划分比较容易.谓语动词前面的部分是主语,后面常接宾语,修饰谓语动词的是状语,修饰主语、宾语的是定语,若谓语是系动词,则系动词后的部分是表语.如:
I am a teacher.其中,I 是主语,am是谓语,a teacher是表语.
He likes playing football very mucy.其中,he是主语,likes是谓语,playing football是宾语,very much是状语.
英语中8种从句介绍
1、定语从句
2、时间状语从句
3、地点状语从句
4、条件状语从句
5、同位语从句
6、表语从句
7、宾语从句
8、主语从句
名词性从句:在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses).名词从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句.
引导名词性从句的连接词
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
连接词:that,whether,if不充当从句的任何成分)
连接代词:what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,
whose,which.
连接副词:when,where,how,why
不可省略的连词:
1.介词后的连词
2.引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略.
That she was chosen made us very happy.
We heard the news that our team had won.
比较:whether与if 均为"是否"的意思.但在下列情况下,whether不能被if取代:
1.whether引导主语从句并在句首
2.引导表语从句
3.whether从句作介词宾语
4.从句后有"or not"
Whether he will come is not clear.
大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用it充当形式主语.
It is not important who will go.
It is still unknown which team will win the match.
由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句.That只起连接主句和从句的作用,在从句中不担任任何成分,本身也没有词义.名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语,例如:
主语:That he is still alive is sheer luck.他还活着全靠运气.
宾语:John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去.
表语:The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事实是近来谁也没有见过他.
同位语:The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.
近来谁也没有见过他,这一事实令办公室所有的人不安.
形容词宾语:I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.
你对工作满意我感到很高兴.
That- 从句作主语通常用it作先行词,而将that-从句置于句末,例如:
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚,整个计划注定要失败.
It's a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事
定义
用来修饰句子中的名词或代词或其短语的从句,就叫做定语从句。其实,就是拿句子来做名词、代词或是其短语的定语。如:
It's a book.
I bought the book yesterday.
以上两句话中,都有book一词,所以可以用定语从句把两句话连起来。即:
It's the book that I bought yesterday.
这句话中that引导的I bought yesterday就是一个定语从句,用来修饰the book。
两个概念
要想学好定语从句,得先弄清楚两个基本概念,即:先行词和关系词。
(一)先行词
所谓先行词,就是指定语从句所修饰的成分。这个名称倒是挺形象的,为什么?因为先行词永远出现在定语从句的前面,总是先走一步的,呵呵!
(二)关系词
所谓关系词,就是指用来连接定语从句的词语。关系词可以分为关系代词和关系副词。需要注意的是,关系代词或关系副词都要在从句中充当成分的,所以是不可或缺的,尽管当关系代词在从句中作宾语时,经常可以省略(本文会继续讲到这个情况)。
我们在来看一下在第一节里出现的句子:
It's the book that I bought yesterday.
句中的the book就是先行词,被后面的从句I bought yesterday所修饰。而that就是关系代词,用来连接I bought yesterday,同时又在从句作bought的宾语,而且可以省略。
定语从句的学习,其实就是有关根据先行词的特点选择合适的关系词的学习。
分类
按照定语从句与先行词的关系紧密与否,可以分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。
(一)限定性定语从句
限定性定语从句对先行词起着修饰限定作用,是不可或缺的。如:
These are the apples that/which they sent us two days ago.
(二)非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句对先行词起着补充说明作用,可要可不要。非限定性定语从句都会被逗号与先行词隔开。如:
They have to walk to the South Pole,which is out of a plane's reach.
【注意】
1、当先行词具有唯一性的时候,就只能采用非限定性定语从句,否则就会产生歧义或误解。如:
限定性定语从句:His wife who is now in Paris is one of my old classmates.
非限定性定语从句:His wife,who is now in Paris,is one of my old classmates.
因为限定性定语从句对先行词起着修饰限定作用,所以具有特指功能,所以第一句中的限定性定语从句意味着是特指他在巴黎的妻子,其潜台词就是他不只一个妻子,也许在上海或者在纽约等其他地方还有妻子。
而非限定性定语从句只对先行词起着补充说明作用,没有特指功能,所以第二句中的非限定性定语从句只是用来补充说明他的妻子现在人在巴黎这个事实。
2、that和why不能用来引导非限定性定语从句
that不能用来连接非限定性定语从句,具体的请看下一节的内容。
而why因为总是紧跟先行词reason,所以也不能用于引导非限定性定语从句。如:
That's the reason why he was late for school this morning.
在reason和why之间,不能插入逗号。
关系代词
英语里能够用来连接定语从句的关系代词主要有:
that:表人或物
which:表物
who:表人(主格或宾格)
whom:表人(宾格)
whose:表人或物(所有格)
(一)that引导的定语从句
that引导定语从句时,其先行词既可能是人,也可能是物。如:
This is the photo that I took during the trip in France.
He is the man that will visit our school next week.
【注意】
1、当that的先行词表物时,可以用which来替换。此外,当that在从句中作宾语时,可以省略。如:
This is the photo that/which I took during the trip in France.
This is the photo I took during the trip in France.
句中的先行词the photo在从句I took during the trip in France中作took的宾语,所以可以省略。
2、不能用that的情况
1)当定语从句以介词开头时,一般不用that,而要用which或whom。如:
This is the pet dog for which I paid five hundred pounds.
She is the girl to whom I talked just now.
两句话的定语从句分别以介词for和to开头,所以后面不能再用that,而要采用which和whom。
2)当先行词是that时,往往用which来替换。如:
We have that which we need.
此时,that which往往可以用what来替换,因此我们可以把上面的句子改为:
We have what we need.
3)在非限定性定语从句中。如:
错误:His aunt,that is our maths teacher,often gives us candies as gifts.
正确:His aunt,who is our maths teacher,often gives us candies as gifts.
3、只能用that的情况
1)当先行词为everything、all,little、much等不定代词时。如:
All that glitters is not gold.
2)当先行词被all、every、no、any、some、little、much、one修饰时。如:
Don't waste any water that is reusable.
3)当先行词被the only、the very、the same、the last修饰时。如:
They are the only students that will attend the meeting.
4)当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如:
This is the first time that I have ever heard about a ghost.
5)当先行词是be的表语或there be 的主语时。如:
There are five pens that will be on display tomorrow.
6)当先行词有人又有物时。如:
We don't like the teacher and his lessons that are not interesting at all.
7)当主句是以who或which及其-ever结构开头的特殊疑问句时。如:
Whoever that breaks the law will be punished.
4、多用who、不用that的情况
1)当先行词为anyone、one、ones时。如:
He is the one who will teach us English.
2)当先行词为those、he和people时。如:
Those who want to ask questions need to write them down first.
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