英语作业批改中“点拨型”评语
在日常教学中,我们一直注重“备课”——“上课”——“作业”——“反馈”等环节。通常作业批改中花了大量的时间和精力,却收效不大。作业评语只作为对作业本身进行评价,忽略了学生的主观能动性,难怪学生常常应付作业。通过实践发现在作业评价中关注学生在英语学习训练,习得过程中的自主探究,体验与感悟是英语作业评价中最关键的因素。
“点拨型”评语是对学生作业中的错误进行启发和点拨的用语。主要目的是唤醒学生词法和句法的意识。它能提供给学生一个再思考的机会和自主探究的空间,加深他们对问题的理解促进能力的发展,从而培养学生创造性思维和独立解决问题的能力。美国实用主义教育家杜威把学习过程分为情景——问题——观察——解决。学生是不成熟的个体,需要老师的指导。在作业中,经过老师的启发学生很容易茅塞顿开找到错误的原因,这种记忆更持久。
一.运用“点拨型”评语的前提
正确选用课下要布置的作业,符合学生的实际水平,结合当堂知识由易到难,有一定坡度和研究价值,能调动起学生兴趣,需要学生运用已学的知识仔细思考。能够起到“跳一跳,摘到桃子。”的作用。例如:在讲授使用没有出现主语的分词短语时,要注意该主语与主句动作的执行者一致。
(课上例句:Seeing the photos, he couldn’t help laughing. Seen from the plane, the hill looks small.) 给学生布置相应的练习。如:“她同他讲完话后,他离开了。”部分学生的作业如下:
“She talked to him, then he left.”
“After talking to him ,he left.”
这时老师就应启发学生提出假设,仔细分析找出正确作法。“she” is the subject in the participle clause, but “he” is the subject of the main clause. This is incorrect. What should it be changed to? Add or remove some words if necessary. 在第二天的作业中当看到这样的句子时:
“After talking to him, she watched him leave.”
“After talking to her, he left。”你就知道他们动脑筋了。
二.“点拨型”评语要有助于学生对所学知识的理解和记忆
教师评语本身也是对语言的运用和学习。在评语中对症下药,变相重复学生易出错的句子即可婉转指出错误又可使学生加深理解。如讲授连词的用法“Using compound sentences makes your writing more fluid and interesting. They contain two independent clauses joined by a conjunction, e.g. and, but, or.”课上也相应地设置这样的练习:
“It was crowded, ___we were able to see him.(but)”
“She is a top student. She is a talented musician. (and)”
“Do your homework on time. You will fall behind in the course. (or )”
大部分学生都能正确地变换句式。
“It was crowded, but we were able to see him.(but)”
“She is a top student and a talented musician. (and)”
“Do your homework on time,or you will fall behind in the course. (or )”
但反映在作业上就会出现这样的`句子:
“Though he doesn’t have much money, but his heart is full of love.”
如果这种情况发生在以往,我也许会把“though”或“but”标注出来。这样写道:“Each two- clause sentence can only have one conjunction, right?”但如今我尝试这样的做法:
“Jerry, you always do well in English, but you are a little careless this time.”
“Though there is one mistake in your sentence, I like your handwriting very much.”
并故意把“though”或“but”写得夸张些。运用学过的重点句型,短语,时态给学生写评语可以帮助学生更好地巩固和运用所学知识。
三.“点拨型”评语鼓励学生独立思考和自主探究
“点拨型”评语即遵循启发式教学原则,它能对学生的学习方法,解题思路等进行启发和指导。这一原则要求充分尊重学生主观能动性,放手让学生独立思考自主探究。教师只起到启发诱导的作用。“授之以鱼,不如授之以渔。”在作文批改中我一般批阅两遍。第一遍笔头批阅中,常对学生提出建议和改进方向,启发学生针对问题重新思考和布局。如:
“Are you sure you understand the meaning reflected from the picture?” “ Can you describe it in another way?”
“It seems that something is left out after the verb“drop” .Will you look it in your dictionary?”
“I’m confused with the person you referred to in your first paragraph, would you tell me the reason why you used the third person here?”
学生带着这些疑问回去修改作文,有的放矢。第二遍面批时在肯定学生的同时(You’ve done much better now than you did last time.)主要对作文进行润色并找出细微不妥之处,和学生一起探讨交流。
四.“点拨型”评语要因材施教,循序渐进。
对学生的启发需要一个循序渐进的过程。“点拨型”评语要因人而异,针对不同学生的作业,启发的程度不同,提出的要求也不同,但目的是一致的。那就是培养学生独立解决问题的能力。让优等生更进一步,中等生扬长避短,暂时基础差的同学克服学英语的障碍和恐惧。如:针对优等生的作业提出更高的要求。“Your work is quite good. Better start your sentence with adverbials. It’s important to be creative in writing. Try to use as many expressions as you can in the writing .Better not repeat the same expressions .”对程度中等的学生要多叮嘱。例如:“Your work will be better, if you pay more attention to the orders of the words in your writing. The tense used is not appropriate.”对基础差的学生要耐心引导,点拨要逐步深入,最好中英文评语同时使用。如:“Without subject ,this sentence is difficult to understand. If you write something that happened in the past, which tense should be used? Can you tell me the difference between “success”and“succeed”. Pay attention to your handwriting and pronunciation. Nothing is impossible as long as you work hard. Don’t lose heart .”(缺少主语,很难理解这个句子。如果你描述过去发生的事情,该用什么时态?能告诉我“success” 和“succeed”的区别么?注意你的书写和拼写。只要你努力没有什么不可以的。不要失去信心。
“评价的目的不是为了检查,甄别和选拔,而是在于通过评价促使被评价者改进,促进其发展。”(朱慕菊,2002) 在英语作业评语中“点拨型”的运用能对学生的学习方法,解题思路等进行启发和引导。启发学生重新思考进行发散思维,激活了大脑,寻求更多更好的作答。
参考文献:
朱慕菊:《走进新课程—和课程实施者对话》,北京师范大学出版社,2002
黄远振:《新课程英语教与学》,福建教育出版社,2003
王 青:《巧用激励性评语,培养学生写作能力》 ,中小学外语教学,2007
袁振国:《当代教育学》,教育科学出版社,2004
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