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高三英语复习:形容词和副词比较
形容词是说明人或事物的属性、状态或特征的词,在句子中主要作名词的装饰语,通常置于其修饰的名词之前,并且多数形容词具有比较等级。副词是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词,用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句,表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念,和形容词一样,也有它的比较级和最高级形式。下面我们来看看高三英语复习:形容词和副词比较,欢迎阅读。
高三英语备考:形容词和副词比较
一,形容词与副词比较级的常用结构
1.a。+形容词或副词原级+as+比较结构
(1)该结构还可以和名词搭配,须注意不定冠词a (an)的位置。例如:Tom cant pay as higha price as I asked.
(2)作否定比较时,常用not as/so.as。
2.形容词或副词比较级
than比较结构例如:He is taller than I.
(1)比较结构部分一般不用定冠词,但特指比较两者中的一个用定冠词the。例如:He is the taller of the two.
(Z)作否定比较要用“less+形容词/副词原形”的结构。例如:Mary is less clever than Tom
(3) more A than B:“与其说B……倒不如说A……”。
例如:He is more brave than wise与其说他机智,不如说他勇敢。
(4) the+比较级….the+比较级:“越……就越……”。例如:The faster an object moves, the greaterthe air resistance is.
3.形容词、副词的最高级
(1)用the+形容词或副词的最高级表达,并且有一个短语或从句表示在那个范围内。例如:YVho is the mostclever child, Li Lei, Jim or Lily?
(2)用no, nothing, cant, never等否定词十比较级表达。例如:He had never spent a more worrying day.
(3)在than后加all other... the others, any other.,.anyof the other... any of the others或anything (anybody) else表达。例如:She plays the piano better than all other students/any of the other students/any of the others/anybody else in herclass2 She plays the piano best in her class
(4)用as+形容词或副词的原级+as possible/as onecan表达。例如:.He began to run as fast as he could/asfast as possible.
(5)用形容词或副词的比较级+than ever表达。例如:
By seven oclock, the wind was blowing harder than ever.
二,容易混淆的形容词与副词的级总结
1.在as.as的结构中,第一个as的前面可以加上表示倍数的词或是某些副词修饰语:nearly, almost, just,exactly, not nearly(根本不),by no means(绝不),quite等.例如:
(1) Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲有欧洲的四倍大(亚洲比欧洲大三倍)。
(2)James is not nearly as tall as Robert.詹姆斯根本没有罗伯特高。
2.在as...as的结构中,考生还常忽略以下两种句型:as much+不可数名词+as和as many+复数可数名词+as。例如:
(l)She spreads as much butter on her bread as Janeusually does.她在面包上涂的黄油与简通常涂的一样多。
(2) He has learned as many English words as hisbrother (has).他已学了和他哥哥一样多的英文单词。
3.没有比较对象的比较结构,其实并非真正的比较。
例如:There is more than one solution to the problem.这个问题的解决办法不止一个。
4.no+比较级十than的结构表示“A和B-样不……”。
例如:Tom is no wiser than John汤姆和约翰一样傻。
5.倍数的表达方法。在表达一方是另一方的若干倍时,常用如下表达方式:
(1)“……倍数+as+adj. /adv.(原级)+as…”,在两个as之间可用many(修饰可数名词),much(修饰不可数名词)和其他相应的词。
(2)“……倍数+adj. /adv.(比较级)+than..”。
(3)“……倍数+the size/height/length/weight/width/depth..+of+the+名词”。
例如:
(l)There are more than twice as many books as fiveyears ago.
(2)We are eating more than twice as many vegetablesper person today as they did in 1910.
句中 more than 修饰twice 是该句的难点。
(3) After the new technique was introduced,the factoryproduced twice asmany tractors in 1988 as the year before
三、几组重要的词语辨析
1.very和much的区别
(1)在可分等级的形容词和副词前使用very而不用rriuch。
(2)表示状态的过去分词前用verYo如a very frightenedboy,a very tired child,a very complicated problema一般的情况下,以-ing.-ed结尾的分词多用much,very much/greatly等修饰。
We were greatly shocked by the news about Tom Iwas much amused by Jacks attitude.
(3)已转化为形容词的现在分词前用veryo如veryinteresting/worrying/exciting.
(4) too前用much或far,不用very。如You are much/far/a lot too nice.另外,在too many/much, too few/little前用far。例如:
Theres far too little opportunity for adventure thesedays. Weve got far too many eggs and far too few egg cups
(5)关于原级形容词要记住下列固定的修饰结构:
①修饰绝对意义的形容词,一般不用very,而用quite,completely, well, entirelyo如quite wrong(mistaken, sure),completely dead, quite impossible, quite perfect等。
②修饰以a_开头的形容词,多有特殊的修饰词:quitealone, very much alone, wide awake, fast asleep, verymuch afraid。
③修饰一些特殊形容词的修饰语有:be well worth,much the same, freezing cold, quite different, terriblycold/ frightening。
2.so…that…与such..that.的区别so+形容词/副词+that…so+形容词+a(n)+单数可数名词+that…so+many/much/little/few+名词+that…such+a(n)+形容词十单数可数名词+that…such+形容词十不可数名词+that…such+形容词十复数名词+that-.,注意:下列结构中只能用so不可用such,当名词前有many,much,little,few等表示“多、少”的词修饰时,如somuch progress,∞many people,So little food, so fewapples等。但当little表示“小”时用such。如They aresuch little boys that they cant dress themselves。下列so的用法是错误的:so a difficult problem,so difficultproblems, so hot weather。
3.其他几组词的辨析
(1) ago,before:ago表示以现在为起点的“以前”;before指以过去或将来的某时刻为起点的“以前”。泛指“以前”用before而不用ago。
(2> already,yet,still:aln}ady表示某事已经发生;yet表示期待某事发生;still表示某事还在进行,主要用于肯定句。
(3) too,also,either:too和also用于肯定句,too多用于口语,also多用于书面语,either用于否定句。
(4)good,well:与good不同的是,well作形容词,只能在系动词后作表语,表示“身体状况好”,也作副词修饰动词。
(5)quick,fast:作形容词皆表示“快”。fast多指运动的物体,含持续的意思。quick多指一次动作的敏捷、突然,而且持续的时间较短。
(6) real,true:作形容词表示“真的”。real强调真实存在的而不是幻想的,在句中常作定语;t,u。指与事实标准和实际情况相符合,在句中作表语或定语。
(7) hard,difficult:均表示“困难”,但hard通常指体力上困难;difficult则指智力或技能上的困难,困难程度大于hard。它们都可作定语和表语。
4.多个形容词顺序巧记歌限定描绘大长高,形状年龄和新老。
颜色国籍跟材料,作用类别往后靠。
“限定词”包括:冠词、物主代词、指示代词或数词,位于各类形容词前。它本身分为三位,即前、中、后。前位限定词有all,half,both,分数和倍数;中位限定词有冠词、指示代词、物主代词等;后位限定词有基数词和序数词,但序数词位于基数词前。如both my hands,all half his income等。
“描绘”性形容词如beautiful,bad,cold,great等。“大长高”表示大小、长短、高低等词。表示“形状”的词如round,square。“国籍”指表示一个国家或地区的词。“材料”的词如wooden,woolen,stone,silk等。“作用类别”的词如medical, college,writing desk,police car等。
也有将形容词的顺序总结为:好大新颜国材,即opinion( good, bad)→size( big, small)→age( new, old)→color( red, blue)→origin( American)→material( wooden)。这样也比较容易记住。
高考英语形容词和副词知识
一、形容词副词的比较级和最高级
1.形容词、副词的比较级和最高级,在重读闭音节(即:辅音+元音+辅音)中,先双写末尾的辅音字母,比较级加-er,最高级加-est;
如:
big→bigger→biggest
hot→hotter→hottest
fat→fatter→fattest
sad→sadder→saddest
mad→madder →maddest
wet→wetter→wettest
2. 以辅音字母加y结尾的,变y为i,加er,如:
easy-easier
happy-happier
funny-funnier
early-earlier
busy-busier
dirty-dirtier(更脏)
heavy-heavier(更重)
healthy-healthier
friendly-friendlier
angry ugly,
但是:shy-shyer.
以元音字母+y结尾时,y不变,直接加er或est。如grey----greyer
3.、不规则变化
good/well— better—best
bad/badly/ill—worse—worst
many/much— more—most
old—older/elder—oldest/eldest
little— less —least
far—farther/further—farthest/furthest
2、单音节不规则变化
tired—more tired—most tired
fond —more fond—most fond
glad—more glad—most glad
bored— more bored—most bored
pleased —more pleased—most pleased
3、两种变化(少数几个双音节词以及以er或le结尾的词,可以有两种比较级和最高级)
cruel -crueler-cruelest/more cruel-most cruel
strict-stricter-strictest/more strict-most strict
often-oftener-oftenest/more often-most often
friendly-friendlier-friendliest/more friendly-most friendly
clever-cleverer-cleverest/more clever-most clever
4、没有比较级
empty wrong perfect unique extreme excellent favourite favorite true right correct extremely possible first final last empty wooden
5、在原级形容词之前加less, least构成的比较级与最高级成为“较低级”与“最低级”形式。
如:kind---less kind---least kind
useful---less useful----least useful
二、形容词+ly购成副词的规则
1. 辅音字母+y easy happy, heavy, busy 但是shyly, dryly
2. le结尾去e加y。simple, gentle,但是whole wholly
3. 元音字母+e结尾,true-truly,但duely
4. i,c结尾的加ally, 如basic scientific automatic energetic
5. 以le结尾的形容词
大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。
改错:
(错) She sang lovely.
(错) He spoke to me very friendly.
(对) Her singing was lovely.
(对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
friendly友好的---a friendly smile友好的微笑
fatherly像父亲的---a fatherly teacher一位父亲式的教师
lovely可爱的---a lovely girl一位可爱的姑娘
lively活泼的---a lively child一位活泼的小孩
lonely孤独的---a lonely traveller一位孤独的旅客
deadly致命的---a deadly blow致命的一击
silly傻的,无聊的---a silly question愚蠢的问题
orderly秩序的---an orderly mind有条不紊的头脑
manly男子气概的---a manly person具有男子气概的人
daily每日的---daily work日常工作
weekly每星期的---a weekly magazine周刊
yearly每年的---a yearly income年收入daily, monthly, early
smell-smelly adj.发臭的, 有臭味的
sound-soundly 完好地; 健全地; 稳健地; 坚固地; 彻底地; 正确地; 确实地,厉害地,酣畅地berate sb. soundly痛骂某人一顿
英语中部分特殊形式的比较意义和最高级的表达
1.A is senior/junior to B;
A比B年龄或级别大(高)/A比B年龄或级别小(低)
如:He is 3 years senior to me. 他比我大三岁。
A is superior / inferior to B A优于/劣于B
如: Beijing is superior to any other city in hosting the Olympic Games.在举办奥运会上,北京比其他任何城市都做得好。
2.A is to B what C is to D.
意为“A对于B就如C对于D。”
如:Engines are to machines what hearts are to animals.
发动机对于机器就如心脏对于动物。
3.cant be too+adj. = cant be+adj.+enough
无论……都不为过,越……越……。 如:
You can never be careful enough.= You can never be too careful.你无论怎么小心都不为过。
4.too…to句型的两个意义
(1)表示否定意义,意为“太……而不能”。
如:This question is too hard for me to understand.
这个问题太难,我理解不了。
(2)表示肯定意义,意为“非常,很,极”。
当too后面接easy,ready, eager, inclined, willing, thankful, delighted等形容词时,too表示“很,非常”之意,与very表达“很”的意思相同。当too前有all, but, only等词时,形成only/but/all too…to do结构,仍旧表达“非常,很,极”之意。
如:Im too glad to hear the news.听到这条消息我非常高兴。
5.与than有关的短语
(1)more…than…是……而不是……;与其说……不如说……。
no more…than…不是……也不是……/与……同样不
not more...than 不如……
如:That little girl is more tired than hungry.
那个小女孩是累了而不是饿了。(与其说那个小女孩饿了,还不如说她累了。)
He is no more deligent than Tom.他和Tom都不勤奋。
He is no more a teacher than a worker.他既不是老师也不是工人。
He is not more deligent than Tom.他不如Tom勤奋。
He is not more a teacher teacher than a worker.与其说他是教师,不如说是工人。
(2)more than 超过,不仅仅是
no more than=only 只不过(言其少)
not more than=at most 不多于,至多(指事实)
She is more than a friend to me, she is my family.
The room is no more than a barn.
(3) less than (数量)不到……,不足……;一点也不
no less than (数量)不少于……,至少
=not less than=at least
(4)less ……than 不如……;比……少;不是……而是……
No less...than=not less than (至少)不比……差,和……一样
He is less a teacher than an expert.
He is more an expert than a teacher.与其说他确实老师,不如说是专家。
He is no less active than he used to be.
他和以前一样积极。
例1.Im afraid youve got the wrong person. I am no more a scientist than a mathematician.
[解析] 此处是no more…than…结构,表示“不是……也不是……”或“与……同样不”之意,故or改为than。句意:恐怕你们搞错了,我既不是什么科学家,也不是什么数学家。
6.The weather is turning ever colder and colder, and people have to make a fire in their homes in advance.
[解析] 此处是 “(ever)+比较级+and+比较级”结构,表示“日益”之意,故cold and cold改为colder and colder。句意:天气变得越来越冷,人们纷纷提前在家里生起了火。
7.比较级和否定词连用表示最高级意义
【误】 Mr Stevenson is great to work for—I really couldnt ask for a good boss.
【正】 Mr Stevenson is great to work for—I really couldnt ask for a better boss.
[解析] 此处是用比较级的形式表达最高级的含义,所以把good改为better。句意:为斯蒂文森先生工作太棒了,我真的找不到比他更好的老板了。
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